Allergic rhinitis, commonly known as hay fever, is an allergic reaction that affects the nose. It occurs when the immune system overreacts to allergens in the air, such as pollen, dust mites, animal dander, or mould spores. Here’s an overview of allergic rhinitis, including its symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment options.
Symptoms of Allergic Rhinitis
Allergic rhinitis can cause a variety of symptoms, which may be seasonal (occurring during certain times of the year) or perennial (occurring year-round).
Sneezing
Frequent sneezing is a common symptom, often occurring in fits. This can be especially prevalent in the morning or after exposure to allergens.
Runny or Stuffy Nose
A runny nose with clear, watery discharge is typical, but congestion and a stuffy nose can also occur. This congestion can make breathing through the nose difficult.
Itchy Eyes, Nose, and Throat
Itching is another hallmark of allergic rhinitis. The eyes, nose, throat, and even the roof of the mouth can become itchy, leading to discomfort and irritation.
Watery, Red Eyes
Allergic conjunctivitis, characterised by red, watery, and itchy eyes, often accompanies allergic rhinitis.
Postnasal Drip and Cough
The mucus from the nose can drip down the back of the throat, causing a postnasal drip. This can lead to a persistent cough or throat irritation.
Fatigue
Chronic symptoms can lead to poor sleep quality, resulting in fatigue and decreased concentration during the day.
Causes of Allergic Rhinitis
The exact cause of allergic rhinitis involves a combination of genetic and environmental factors.
Genetic Factors
A family history of allergies, asthma, or eczema increases the likelihood of developing allergic rhinitis. Genetics play a significant role in the body’s immune response to allergens.
Environmental Triggers
Exposure to specific allergens can trigger symptoms. Common allergens include:
- Pollen – From trees, grasses, and weeds, which is a major cause of seasonal allergic rhinitis.
- Dust Mites – Tiny bugs found in house dust.
- Animal Dander – Proteins found in the skin flakes, urine, and saliva of furry pets.
- Mold Spores – Fungi that release spores into the air.
- Cockroach Droppings – Residues from these pests can also be allergenic.
Lifestyle Factors
Factors such as air pollution, cigarette smoke, and strong odours can exacerbate symptoms. Indoor environments with poor ventilation can also increase exposure to allergens.
Diagnosis of Allergic Rhinitis
Diagnosing allergic rhinitis involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and specific tests.
Medical History and Physical Examination
A doctor will inquire about symptoms, their frequency, and potential triggers. A physical exam focuses on the nose, throat, and eyes to check for signs of an allergic reaction.
Allergy Testing
To identify specific allergens, doctors may recommend:
- Skin Prick Test – Small amounts of suspected allergens are pricked into the skin, and the area is observed for a reaction.
- Blood Test – Measures the level of IgE antibodies to specific allergens in the blood. The Radioallergosorbent test (RAST) is a common example.
Nasal Examination
Using a nasal endoscope, a doctor can inspect the nasal passages for signs of inflammation or other issues.
Allergic Rhinitis Treatment
While there is no cure for allergic rhinitis, various treatments can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.
Medications
Several types of medications are available:
- Antihistamines – Reduce sneezing, itching, and runny nose. Available in both oral and nasal spray forms.
- Decongestants – Relieve nasal congestion but should not be used for extended periods due to potential side effects.
- Nasal Corticosteroids – Highly effective for reducing inflammation and treating nasal symptoms.
- Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists – Help block the chemicals that cause allergic reactions.
Immunotherapy
For long-term relief, allergy shots (subcutaneous immunotherapy) or under-the-tongue tablets (sublingual immunotherapy) can help desensitise the immune system to specific allergens.
Lifestyle Changes
Making certain lifestyle adjustments can significantly reduce symptoms:
- Avoiding Triggers – Minimizing exposure to known allergens. For example, staying indoors during high pollen seasons, using air purifiers, and keeping windows closed.
- Cleaning Habits – Regular cleaning to reduce dust mites and mould. Using allergen-proof covers on pillows and mattresses can also help.
- Pet Management – Bathing pets regularly and keeping them out of bedrooms can reduce exposure to animal dander.
Home Remedies
Simple home remedies can provide additional relief:
- Saline Nasal Rinse – Helps clear nasal passages of allergens and mucus.
- Steam Inhalation – Relieves nasal congestion and irritation.
- Hydration – Drinking plenty of fluids helps thin mucus.
Living with Allergic Rhinitis
Managing allergic rhinitis involves a proactive approach and regular care. With proper management, individuals can reduce symptoms and maintain a good quality of life.
Monitoring and Regular Check-Ups
Regular visits to a healthcare provider can help monitor the condition and adjust treatments as necessary. Keeping a symptom diary can also help identify patterns and triggers.
Self-Care Strategies
Incorporating self-care strategies can make a significant difference:
- Healthy Lifestyle – Maintaining a balanced diet, regular exercise, and adequate sleep to support overall health.
- Stress Management – Techniques such as yoga and meditation can help manage stress, which can worsen symptoms.
- Environmental Control – Ensuring a clean and allergen-free living environment.
