Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common joint disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. It occurs when the protective cartilage that cushions the ends of the bones wears down over time, leading to pain, swelling, and reduced joint mobility.
What is Osteoarthritis?
Osteoarthritis is often referred to as a “wear and tear” disease because it involves the gradual degeneration of cartilage, the slippery tissue that covers the ends of bones in a joint. As the cartilage wears away, bones begin to rub against each other, causing pain, swelling, and stiffness. While it can affect any joint, OA most commonly affects the knees, hips, hands, and spine.
Symptoms of Osteoarthritis
The symptoms of osteoarthritis can vary from person to person and can range from mild to severe. Common symptoms include:
Joint Pain
- Pain during or after movement.
- Pain that worsens with activity and improves with rest.
Stiffness
- Joint stiffness, especially after waking up or being inactive for a period.
Swelling
- Swelling around the affected joint, caused by inflammation and fluid build-up.
Reduced Flexibility
- Decreased range of motion in the affected joint.
Grating Sensation
- A feeling of grating or the sensation of bones rubbing together, especially in the knees.
Bone Spurs
- Extra bits of bone, called osteophytes, may form around the affected joint.
Causes and Risk Factors of Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis develops when the cartilage that cushions the ends of bones in your joints deteriorates over time. However, several factors can increase your risk of developing OA:
- Age – The risk of osteoarthritis increases with age as the wear and tear on joints accumulate over time.
- Gender – Women are more likely than men to develop osteoarthritis, particularly after menopause.
- Obesity – Excess weight puts additional stress on weight-bearing joints, such as the knees and hips.
- Joint Injuries – Injuries, such as those that occur during sports or accidents, can increase the risk of developing OA later in life.
- Genetics – A family history of osteoarthritis can increase your risk of developing the condition.
- Bone Deformities – Some people are born with malformed joints or defective cartilage, which can increase the risk of osteoarthritis.
- Occupation – Jobs that involve repetitive stress on particular joints can increase the risk of developing osteoarthritis.
Diagnosis of Osteoarthritis
If you experience persistent joint pain or stiffness, it’s important to see a doctor for a proper diagnosis. The diagnosis of osteoarthritis typically involves:
- Medical History – Your doctor will ask about your symptoms, any previous injuries, and whether you have a family history of arthritis.
- Physical Examination – Your doctor will examine the affected joint for tenderness, swelling, redness, and flexibility.
- Imaging Tests
- X-rays can show cartilage loss, bone spurs, and other changes associated with osteoarthritis.
- MRI scans provide detailed images of bone and soft tissues, including cartilage.
- Lab Tests
- Blood tests can help rule out other types of arthritis.
- Joint fluid analysis can determine if inflammation is due to osteoarthritis or another condition.
Osteoarthritis Treatment Options
There is no cure for osteoarthritis, but various treatments can help manage symptoms and improve joint function. Treatment options include:
Medications
- Pain Relievers – Over-the-counter pain medications like acetaminophen or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can help relieve pain.
- Topical Analgesics – Creams or ointments containing pain-relieving ingredients can be applied directly to the skin over the joint.
- Corticosteroids – Injections of corticosteroid medications can help reduce inflammation and pain in the affected joint.
- Hyaluronic Acid Injections – These injections can help lubricate the joint and reduce pain.
Physical Therapy
A physical therapist can create an individualised exercise program to strengthen the muscles around the joint, improve flexibility, and reduce pain.
Lifestyle Changes
- Weight Management – Losing weight can reduce stress on weight-bearing joints and decrease pain.
- Exercise – Regular, low-impact exercises such as swimming or walking can help maintain joint flexibility and reduce pain.
- Assistive Devices – Using canes, braces, or shoe inserts can help relieve stress on affected joints.
Alternative Therapies
- Acupuncture – Some people find relief from pain through acupuncture, a traditional Chinese medicine practice.
- Supplements – Glucosamine and chondroitin supplements may help relieve pain in some people, although their effectiveness is still debated.
Surgery
In severe cases, surgical options such as joint replacement (arthroplasty) or joint fusion (arthrodesis) may be considered when other treatments haven’t provided sufficient relief.
Managing Osteoarthritis
Living with osteoarthritis can be challenging, but several strategies can help you manage symptoms and maintain your quality of life:
- Regular physical activity can help keep your joints flexible and strengthen the muscles that support your joints. Choose low-impact exercises like swimming, cycling, or walking.
- Keeping a healthy weight reduces the stress on your joints, particularly the knees and hips.
- Avoid repetitive motions that strain your joints. Use ergonomic tools and techniques to minimise joint stress at work and home.
- Applying heat or cold to affected joints can help relieve pain and stiffness. Use a warm towel or a cold pack, depending on what feels best.
- Over-the-counter pain relievers and topical treatments can help manage pain. Always consult your doctor before starting any new medication.
Osteoarthritis is a common and often debilitating condition, but with the right knowledge and management strategies, you can live a full and active life. If you suspect you have osteoarthritis, it’s important to seek medical advice early to manage symptoms effectively and maintain joint health. By staying active, maintaining a healthy weight, and working with your healthcare team, you can take control of your osteoarthritis and improve your quality of life.
